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| ① Crystal skull水晶頭蓋骨 Crystal skull Of ancient origin - or a faje? The British Museum purchased this quarts crystal skull from Tiffany and Co. of New York in 1897. It was originally owned by Eugene Boban, a collector who is known to have deal in both genuine and fate Mexican antiqities. At that time it was thought that it might be an exceptional example of Aztec (14th - 16th century AD) workmanship, and was originally displayed alongside other ancient materials from Mexico. The skull has attracted worldwide attention from those who credit it with special powers and believe it to be a source of ancient knowledge with the ability to heal. While it has always been the subject of interest and curiosity, scientists have long doubted its authenticity. Research by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington and by scientists at the British Museum now shows that it was probably made in the late nineteenth century, from Brazilian quartz. Although the crystal skull is highly polished, traces of tool marks remain from its carving. Moulds have been made of these indentations using special silicon dental 'wax' and these have been examined at high magnification in a scanning electron microscope. The detailed investigation revealed clear evidence that some features were carved using rotary cutting wheels. This kind of equipment was not available until after the Spanish conquest of Mexico in 1521, so the skull cannot be of Aztec manufacture. Instead, it seems likely that it was in fact made by Europeans working in Germany of Brazil during the late nineteenth century. ②紀元前865-860年の戦闘を示すパネル Battle scene Assyrian, about 865-860BC From Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room B, panel 3 (top) Ashurnasirpal, supported by the god in the winged disc, leads a chariot charge beside a river up to the orchards surrounding an enemy town. An enemy chariot, distinctive with its eight-spoked wheels, collapses in front of him. Above, an enemy soldier tries to pull a friend to safety. WA124555 Attack on an enemy town Assyrian, about 865-860BC From Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room B, panel 3 (bottom) A high official, wearing an ankle-length coat of scale armour, shoots towards an enemy town. A chariot waits behind,while a vulture plucks at the body of a dead enemy. WA124556 Attack on an enemy town Assyrian, about 865-860BC From Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room B, panel 4 (bottom) While some Assyrians break through the lower walls, the main siege-engine is itself under attack. The enemy have caught its battering lever on a chain, but two Assyrians are holding it in position with hooks. Some torches are thrown, but water is piped from inside the engine to quench the flames. The scene is continued to left and right. WA124554 Battle scene Assyrian, about 865-860BC From Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room B, panel 4 (top) Assyrian chariots, bearing the sacred standards, overwhelm an enemy chariot as they charge forward. Vines give an indication of the landscape. WA124553 《英単語の意味； 出所：インターネット辞書｢英治郎｣》 chariot〔古代の〕一人乗り二輪馬車［戦車］ charge 突進する vine つる植物、つる草 indication 暗示するもの landscape展望 ③裁判所の風景を示すパネル Court scene Assyrian, about 865-860BC From Nimrud, North-West Palace, Room G, panel 2-4 King Ashurnasirpal is enthroned between attendants, and the group is flanked by a pair of winged protective spirits. The workmanship of these panels, from the head of what was possibly a banquet hall, is exceptionally fine. Detailed patterns are represented by delicate incisions on the clothes. There are traces of paint on the sandals. WA124564-6 《英単語の意味； 出所：インターネット辞書｢英治郎｣》 enthrone王位に就かせる flanked両脇を・・・に守られる winged翼のある spirit精霊 workmanship 技量、細工（品）、作品、出来映え banquet hall宴会場 incision彫り込み ④北イラクのNimrudにあるアシリア国の首都にあるTiglath-pileser３世 （紀元前744-727年統治）の宮殿を飾った部屋の壁の彫刻作品 The Palace of Tiglath-Pileser Ⅲ at Nimrud The sculptures around the walls of this room once decorated the palace of King Tiglath-pileser Ⅲ (reigned 744-727BC) in the Assyrian capital at Nimrud, in northern Iraq. Tiglath-pileser was one of the most successful Assyrian kings. His military campaigns extended north into Urartu (Ararat), east into Iran, west to the Mediterranean and south to the borders of Egypt. He transformed troublesome foreign kingdoms into provinces of the empire ruled directly by Assyrian governors. Towards the end of his reign, Tiglath-pileser began to build a new palace (the Central Palace) at Nimrud, but this was never finished. A later Assyrian king, Esarhaddon (reigned 680-669BC), chose to build another palace at Nimrud (the South-West Palace). When the archaeologist Austen Henry Layard excavated both palaces in the 1840s, he found that many of the reliefs from the Central Palace had been stacked for removal to Esarhaddon's new palace, while others had already been moved there. Some had their carved side turned to the wall, and few survive in good condition. Other sculptures from Tiglath-pileser's reign are displayed along the walls in Room 6. 《英単語の意味； 出所：インターネット辞書｢英治郎｣》 sculpture彫刻、彫像、彫塑、彫刻作品 archaeologist考古学者 reliefレリーフ、浮き彫り◆地肌より浮き出ている彫刻 stack積み重ねる、並べる、不正に選定する ⑤ローマ神話のビーナス、アフロディーテ 紀元１又は２世紀作入浴中を 見られたアフロディーテは左太腿の下に水瓶を置いて、裸でしゃがみ、腕と 意味ありげな手で体を覆おうとした。 Lely's Venus (Aphrodite) Here the goddess Venus is surprised as she bathes, her water jar resting under her left thigh. She crouches naked and attempts to cover herself with her arms and expressive hands. Her beautiful head, with its top-knot hairstyle, is turned nervously to one side, perhaps in the direction of an intruder. Naked Aphrodite was a popular subject with Greek sculptors, as she was with the Romans, who called her Venus. This sculpture was probably made in the 1st or 2nd century AD and is a Roman copy of an earlier Greek original. The original sculpture, now lost, may have been of bronze or marble, perhaps dating to the 2nd century BC. 以下英文紹介省略 Aphrodite《ギリシャ神話》アフロディーテ、アプロディーテー◆愛・美・性の神で、 クロノスが父ウラノスの男性器を切り落とし、それを海に落とした時にできた泡から 生まれたとされる。ローマ神話のビーナス（Venus）に相当する 《英単語の意味； 出所：インターネット辞書｢英治郎｣》 crouchうずくまる、かがむ、しゃがむ、身をかがめる expressive 表情が豊かな、意味ありげな knot飾り結び、編み intruder侵入者 sculptor彫刻家 bronze 青銅 marble大理石の彫刻 ⑥飛行する衣類を着て戦士が刀で突き刺す準備をしながら楯で正面を保護している Large podium frieze A warrior with flying draperies protects his front with a shield, while preparing to thrust with his sword, which would have been added in paint. BM Sc 860a 《英単語の意味； 出所：インターネット辞書｢英治郎｣》 podium 演壇、指揮台、表彰台 frieze《建築》フリーズ◆天井のすぐ下の壁の、帯状の装飾。 drapery衣類 draperies壁掛け ⑦パルテノン神殿はアテネのアクロポリスに、紀元前447～438年に建造され、 都市の処女の守護神であるアテナに捧げられた。都市アテネの名前は この女神アテナにちなんで名付けられた。古代ギリシャ最高の彫刻家、 ペイディアスによる壮大な金色と象牙色の彫刻作品を収容した。 The Sculptures of The Parthenon The Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens was constructed between 447 and 438BC and was dedicated to Athena,patron goddess of the city; it housed a colossal gold and ivory statue of the goddess by the sculptor Pheidias. 以下英文省略 《英単語の意味； 出所：インターネット辞書｢英治郎｣》 colossal壮大な；見事な；〔彫像が〕等身大の2倍の ⑧半人半馬の怪物、ケンタウロスを手と脚でかわすLapith Lapithの体を覆い隠すものが腕と腿の間でなくなっており、左上腕のドリル穴が 金属品が、なくなった覆い隠すものに代わるために取り付けられた場所を示している。 The centaur rears up to strike the Lapith, who fends him off with a hand and a foot. The carving of this sculpture seems incomplete. The Lapith's cloak is missing between arm and thigh. A drill-hole in the left upper arm indicates where a metal attachment was fixed to replace the missing cloak. 《英単語の意味； 出所：インターネット辞書｢英治郎｣》 centaur 《ギリシャ神話》ケンタウロス◆半人半馬の怪物 fend off 〔攻撃などを〕受け流す、払いのける、かわす cloak マント、覆い、覆い隠すもの、クローク ⑨モザイク画の舗道 モザイク画がローマ帝国全体で発見された。ローマ帝国は豊富で色彩豊かな 装飾を用いた公共の建物や民間の建物を提供した。 Mosaic pavements Mosaics were found throughout the Roman Empire. They provided public buildings and private houses with rich and colourful decorations. 以下英文省略。 《英単語の意味； 出所：インターネット辞書｢英治郎｣》 Mosaic モザイク画の、モザイク状の モザイク（画）◆色の付いた小さなガラスやタイルなどを組み合わせた絵やデザイン。 pavement舗道、舗装、敷石 ⑩３層のサードニックスのカメオのレプリカ 女神ミネルバのアイギスと剣帯を身につけた初代ローマ皇帝アウグストゥスの肖像 紀元14-20年にローマで製造 Room70 The Wolfson Gallery Rome and the Roman Empire This gallery tells the story of Rome, which grew from a small town to the capital of an empire that ruled the Mediterranean, the Middle East and much of Europe. The objects on display date from around 300BC and AD330, when the emperor Constantine declared a 'new Rome' at Constantinople (modern Istanbul). The story of the Roman Empire after AD330 continues in Room 41, while the rich culture of Roman Britain is presented in Room 49. Three layered sardonyx cameo: portrait of Augustus wearing the aegis of Minerva and a sword-belt Roman,made about AD14-20 《英単語の意味； 出所：インターネット辞書｢英治郎｣》 sardonyx 《鉱物》サードニックス、赤白シマメノウ◆8月の誕生石 Augustus アウグストゥス◆カエサル（Gaius Julius Caesar）の姪の息子で 自分の養子にした、紀元前27～紀元14年の間の初代ローマ皇帝（前63生～後14没）。 aegis 〔古代｛こだい｝の〕アイギス、アイジス◆神の保護の印として身に着けた、 襟や肩に掛けるマントを指すが、盾を入れた袋や、衣類に付けた小さな盾の アクセサリーを指すこともある。 Minerva 《ローマ神話》女神ミネルバ◆ギリシャ神話のアテナ（Athena）に当たる。 【地名】ミナーバ sword-belt剣帯 ⑪ポートランドの花瓶 紀元前15-紀元25年頃、ローマで製造されたカメオのガラス製品 ポートランドの花瓶はローマガラス製品の現存する最高の作品の一つであり、 1785～1945年この花瓶を所有したポートランド公爵にちなんで名付けられた The Portland Vase The Portland Vase is one of the finest surviving pieces of Roman glass, and is named after the Dukes of Portland who owned it from 1785 to 1945. ⑫Warrenの銀のカップThe Warren Silver Cup Roman, made about 15BC-AD15 Said to have been found at Bittir near Jerusalem, with coins of the emperor Claudius (AD41-54) This drinking cup is exceptional both for its quality and for its decoration, which shows two male couples making love. On one side is a bearded, active lover (in Greek,the erastes), with a younger, passive lover, (the eromenos). They are watched by a servant through a half-opened door. On the other side, the erastes wears a wreath and lies with his partner, a younger boy. Concepts of age in sexual relationships were very different from our own. The cup is kantharos, a Greek shape that originally had two arching handles. The musical instruments, the furnishings and the fabrics also show a strong Greek influence. This Hellenised (Greek-style) art was very popular in the Roman Empire. GR.1999.4-26.1 ⑬1940年英国戦闘においてロンドンと英国東南部を防衛した第２大隊を指揮した 空軍大将Keith Park氏の像 （セントジェームズパークの前のKower Regent通りの両側にこのような戦争に貢献した 人物の銅像が道路の中央や歩道にたくさん配置されている） Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park GCB.KB.MC & BAR.DFC.DCL,KA,RAF 1892-1975 Defender of London 1940 Air Chief Marshal Sir Keith Park Commanded NumberⅡ Group Fighter Command Which defended London and South East England successfully during the battle of Britain Responsible for the hour by hour decisions of Ⅱ Group New Zealander Keith Park epitomises the role played by those from commonwealth and other allied countries alongside British Forces in saving the Nation from invasion 《英単語の意味； 出所：インターネット辞書｢英治郎｣》 Air Chief Marshal空軍大将 epitomize～の典型となる、～の良い例となる 〈文〉要約する、概括する |